There is probably no other country where members of other religions were as safe as in India. Hindus always gave shelter to those who were persecuted in their homelands. Jews gratefully acknowledged that India is the one country where they were never persecuted. Syrian Christians under their leader Thomas of Cana (Thomas the Apostle did not come to India) were given refuge in the 4th century. Parsis came in the 10th century to escape the Muslim invaders in Persia. And in 1959, some 100,000 Tibetan Buddhist refugees found shelter in India – only 12 years after the British had left the country, divided and poverty-stricken.
In contrast, the rich USA with an area three times the size and only a quarter of India’s population allowed only in 1991 one thousand Tibetan families to enter.
Indians never hesitated to accept those who were in trouble and who wanted to preserve their faith because they did not distinguish between human beings on religious lines. Their attitude was that all belong to one big human family and all have the same divine essence in them. For them “religion” was not an identity but a natural, ideal way of life.
So what happened that nowadays there is a lot of talk that Christians are under attack in India? Have Hindus become intolerant?
No. Hindus have not changed. All the so called attacks on churches which were hyped up recently on many TV channels turned out to have been minor crimes unconnected with “Hindu extremists”. In other countries they would hardly find space in the local paper. Why were they flogged for days on TV channels? Why were Christian spokesmen given plenty of airtime to falsely blame the “Hindu right” and claim that Christians are under attack? There seems to be an agenda by the Churches and it would need to be investigated why so many TV channels obliged.
A smashed glass pane outside one church, a fire due to short circuit in another church, a theft of 8000 Rupees in a convent school, stones thrown by a mixed group of Hindus and Muslim surely don’t warrant hours of hyped coverage.
Yes, there was also the break-in into a convent school in West Bengal, where not only 1,2 million Rupees were stolen but a 72 year old nun was allegedly gang raped.
This was shameful no doubt and this news reached in no time all corners of the world. It fitted well into the image that had already been crafted over the last 2 years – of India as a rapists’ nation. The Vatican radio spoke of India’s shame which went viral on the internet.
It turned out that Bangladeshi Muslims, probably encouraged by the Pakistani secret service, were behind it.
Typically, the media fell silent. The BBC ran a scroll that an arrest has been made in the nun gang rape in India. They didn’t mention that he was a Bangladeshi Muslim. Neither the Vatican, nor the cardinal or the bishop apologized for their wrong, greatly publicized pre-judgment of the case that it was connected with the Hindu re-conversion drive of RSS and VHP.
The campaign of media and Christian representatives against “Hindu extremists” is not likely to end soon. New incidents will come up and the Christian spokesmen will again peddle the “truth” that under Narendra Modi as Prime Minister the Hindus are emboldened to “attack” Christians in hate crimes and that Christians feel helpless and insecure. The TV anchors will continue to prod them: “Do you feel unsafe in India?” and all Christian spokesmen will again reply “Yes” and claim that hate crimes have increased since Modi came to power.
There are other voices, too, who do not take part in this back stabbing of their Hindu brothers and, probably closer to the truth, blame the Christian clergy for trying to sow discord between communities. Yet those Christians, like Robert Rosario or Hilda Raja, are not likely to get an invitation to represent the Christian side, because they wouldn’t further the agenda to portray Hindus in poor light.
Mainstream media has tremendous power to shape opinions. Churches have tremendous financial and political clout. Both obviously cooperate to portray Hindus as intolerant and hateful of other religions – contrary to facts. There is a third power that wants India to get a bad image the world over, at least as bad as its own image is. It is Pakistan. The Sunday Guardian of 21th March exposed that the Pakistani secret service increased its budget six-fold to achieve the goal that India is put into the same bracket with Pakistan on human rights issues and downgraded by the US Commission for International Religious Freedom (USCIRF).
This goal has already been achieved in regard to projecting India as a rapist country. In the west, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh are now seen as being on the same level. In fact, India stands out negatively: it is openly thrashed for its ‘anti-women attitude’, while it is politically incorrect to thrash Muslim countries. The German professor who quoted India’s rape culture as reason to reject an Indian shows the huge damage that this false portrayal of India has done.
Unfortunately, India did nothing to put the issue into perspective when the maligning campaign started, and it seems that India again does nothing to prevent an equally damaging, also false perception that Hindus are prone to hate crimes against Christians. Sometimes I wonder whether Indians are even aware how detrimental to India’s image abroad the media campaign has already been.
At least the government, if not the public at large, would know that India is neither in the top league of rape countries, nor are Hindus known for hate crimes and discrimination against members of other religions.
They would know that India has presently a population of 1270 million, and that it is unfair to compare absolute numbers of crimes with other countries. If the crimes that happen in the USA, Canada, in all European countries including Russia plus Australia were added up, then they could be compared with the number of crimes that happen in India. Can the media be made to give a balanced reporting on the issues it takes up? Does anyone remember the hype that media created about AIDS some 20 years ago? “India second only to South Africa” they screamed. Nobody mentioned that India had 1000 and South Africa 50 million inhabitants.
If the media were fair, they would discern that the charge of 160 hate crimes against Christians in the last 10 months, especially when those include theft and a stone thrown by a drunkard, is no reason to shout “Christians don’t feel safe in India”? Why do they play into the hands of the west which will be pleased to get a stick to beat India with?
In England, there were over 1,000 hate crimes only against Jews in the last year. This would equal over 20,000 hate crimes in India if it is put in proportion to the population. In USA, several Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims were killed only because they were Sikhs, Hindus or Muslims. Should the USCIRF not put the US and Europe on its watch list, before it even thinks of condemning India?
There are several indicators that clearly show that Christians are not persecuted in India and are even pampered:
The percentage of Christians keeps increasing. Their places of worship multiply manifold and are free from government interference, unlike Hindu temples. Many Christians are in high positions. Missionaries have the guts to openly declare that they want to plant hundred thousand churches in India and “evangelize the whole country in this generation” (from a Christian youth magazine called “Blessings”). Christians and other minorities are privileged and get special benefits like scholarships, etc. Christians can teach the catechism in their schools to Christian students, while ethic teachers in those schools must not mention Sri Krishna, or Hindu philosophy to Hindu students. Compare this with the situation in Pakistan and it becomes evident that the “operation equal blame” depends entirely on spreading falsehood and manipulating the world opinion.
How to counter this mischievous agenda? Certainly not by going on the defensive and giving special attention to Christians. “Justice for all, appeasement for none” is the way to go. The nun gang rape has been carried to the eight corners of the world as a ‘communal crime’ because the victim was a Christian. How would the kin of a Hindu girl feel who has been raped and maybe even killed by Muslims or Christians, yet neither the media nor even the police take any interest in the case, because it is not communal enough when Hindus are at the receiving end? Crimes need to be treated as crimes and religion should be out of consideration.
Hindus have no reason to be defensive. Spokesmen are dishonest when they claim that Christian are unsafe in India. It will be difficult to find any other country where Christians in minority are as safe and pampered, as among Hindus. If someone needs to be on the defensive, it is the Christian clergy and they may know it. Maybe that is the reason why they act as bullies in tune with the dictum ‘attack is the best defense’. They will stop playing the bully only when they perceive their opponent as strong.
Strength here doesn’t mean to bully back. It simply means to be clear, stick to truth and stick to dharma. It also means not to be afraid to point out the adharmic, divisive aspects in Christianity.
We live in the 21st century when science has discovered that there are different levels to reality. The apparent variety in this universe is based on uniform oneness. Our deepest essence is made of the same stuff, as it were. The Indian rishis knew this, ages ago. Where then is there place for a huge fire where billions or maybe trillions of heathens will burn for eternity after the Day of Judgment?
What is more of a hate crime: when a stone is thrown at a church by a drunkard or when respected clergy declare without any proof that Hindus are damned to eternal hellfire if they don’t become a member of the Church, and when they brainwash Christian children to believe this? Will TV anchors be outraged at such discriminatory, baseless allegation which can lead to real hate crimes? Will Hindus (and other heathen like Buddhists, atheists, etc.) demand an answer from the Churches?
Christians who originally came as refugees, and later went berserk during the Goan Inquisition, are now on a well-planned mission with huge funds from the west to change the broad-minded attitude of Hindus from “We revere ALSO Jesus” to a narrow-minded “We revere ONLY Jesus”?
Contempt and intolerance for other religions is inbuilt in Christianity. Its goal is clear: all must follow Christ. Hinduism must disappear. If they say something else in Interfaith Dialogues, it is deception. The spread of Christianity is not in India’s interest. It is not in humanity’s interest either.
Hinduism unlike Christianity and Islam, has no agenda and never had an agenda to wipe out other religions. In India, there always were innumerable paths to the one truth. It is India’s job not only to honour their valuable heritage and educate their own people and the world about it, but also prevent their people from being deceived, threatened or allured by unfair means to a divisive ideology.
The Churches don’t succeed anymore to enforce belief in unreasonable dogmas among Christians in the west, yet their financial and political power is mind boggling. They have plenty of funds to defame Hindus and Hinduism the world over. India is no equal in this fight, as most of her own media seems to have switched sides.
Maybe the Prime Minister himself needs to point out on his visit to Europe that Christian Churches are on a massive conversion spree in India because they have this strange and baseless notion that otherwise Hindus go to hell. They should relax. Hindus won’t go to hell. Most Europeans will agree with him.
However, I don’t know how much damage the media campaign “Christians are under attack” has already done. I just checked with a cousin in Germany. Yes, he heard already that there were attacks on Christians in India…
Lemon Pickle View Recipe on Website INGREDIENTS 6 ripe lemons fenugreek (methi) seeds mustard seeds chili powder salt to taste a pinch asafoetida (hing) oil COOKING DIRECTIONS Cut 3 lemons into small pieces taking out the seeds from them.Peel and take the juice from the other 3 lemons Heat a small cup of water and let it cool.Pressure cook the lemon pieces – don’t add any water to the pieces.Fry rai, hing in oil and add chili powder and salt.Roast the methi seeds and add 2 tablespoons of powder to the above mixture also adding in the juice taken from the 3 lemonsOnce the lemons in the cooker have boiled add them to the above mixture and you can have the lemon pickle without drying in the heat and waiting for 5 days or so.
You can fit almost anything inside a tiny glass globe ring, right? Well, that depends on how creative you are. The transparent globe rings contain items inside that range from flowers to treasures, and even a few with Christmas spirit. Wait until you see the incredible gems floating around these 20 magical glass orbs! 1) Eiffel Tower Ring 2) Crystal Forest Ring 3) Cat On a Pumpkin 4) Christmas Snow Globe Ring 5) Real Dandelion Globe Ring 6) Moss Globe Ring 7) Fern Ring 8) Real Flower Ring 9) Landscape Ring 10) Starfish Ring 11) Moon Globe Ring 12) Feather Ring 13) Dandelion Seed Ring 14) Steampunk Globe Ring 15) White Moss Ring 16) Christmas Deer Ring 17) Treasure Ring 18) Wonders of the World Snow Globe Ring 19) Golden Petals Ring 20) Growing Crystals Ring परोपकाराय फलन्ति वृक्षा: परोपकाराय वहन्ति नद्यः।
परोपकाराय दुहन्ति गावः परोपकाराय इदं शरीरम्।।
"To fight the darkness do not draw your sword, light a candle" "You can’t climb the ladder of success with your hands in your pockets"
( hari krishnamurthy K. HARIHARAN)"
” When people hurt you Over and Over think of them as Sand paper. They Scratch & hurt you, but in the end you are polished and they are finished. ” "Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great ones make you feel that you too, can become great."- Mark Twain.
Before anyone comments whether Sri Brahmachari could have talked like this to Periyava etc, I will tell you this – yesterday, Sri Kumar narrated me an incident on how Sri Neyveli Mahadevan used to talk with much more freedom to Periyava.
காஞ்சியில் இருந்தபோது பெரியவா பல மாதங்கள் பேசாமல் காஷ்ட மௌனமாகவே இருந்தார்கள்.
தரிசனத்துக்கு வந்த பக்தர்களுக்கு வெறும் தரிசனம் மட்டுமே கிடைத்தது. அவர் பேச்சையோ, அனுக்ரஹத்தையோ அனுபவிக்க இயலவில்லை.
அந்த சமயம் ஒரு செட்டியார் தரிசனத்துக்கு வந்தார்; பேசும் தெய்வம், நடமாடும் தெய்வம் என்றெல்லாம் கேள்விப்பட்டு, மனசுக்குள்ளேயே பூசலார் நாயனார்
மாதிரி பக்தியை வளர்த்துக்குக் கொண்டவர்.
‘ஆனால் பேசும் தெய்வம் இப்படி பேசாத் தெய்வமாக ஆகிவிட்டதே ! நம்மிடம் பேசாவிடாலும், மடத்துச் சிப்பந்திகளிடமோ, பெரிய வித்வாங்களிடமோ
பேசினால் அதைக் கேட்டாலே போதும், அதுவே மகிழ்ச்சியளிக்குமே” என நினைத்து வருந்தினார்.
பார்ஷதர்கள் சில முறைகளைக் கையாண்டு, அவரைப் பேசவைக்க முயற்சித்தார்கள். ஆனால் அதனால் எவ்வித ப்ரயோஜனமும் இல்லை.
தங்களுக்காக இல்லாவிடினும், வரும் பக்தர்களுக்காவது அவர் பேசினால் அவர்கள் சந்தோஷப்படுவார்களே, அதற்காகவாவது பேச வேண்டும் என ஆதங்கப்
பட்டார்கள்.
திருவேட்டீஸ்வரன் பேட்டை வெங்கடராமையர் என்பவர் சிவலொக ப்ராப்தி அடைந்தார். இந்தச் செய்தியை அவரிடம் தெரிவித்தபோதும் ஒரு சலனமுமில்லை. வெங்கடராமையர் மடத்துக்கு ரொம்ப வேண்டப்பட்டவர். சுத்தாத்மா. அவருக்காகவாவதுமௌனத்தைக் கலைத்து, ஏதேனும் உத்தரவு இட்டிருக்கலாம்; கை ஜாடையிலாவது ஏதேனும் சொல்லியிருக்கலாம் . ஆனால்…
Thanks to Sri Varagooran mama for typing and sharing this in FB.
True bakthi & service – without any publicity – immediately gets recognized by Periyava! Nirai kudam thalumbaathu!
Periyava had talked a lot about doing thiruppani work for “vaanam paartha sivalingam”. I am working in getting some details on this topic – will share once I complete them.
(இன் நிகழ்ச்சியை இரண்டு நாள் முன்பாக பொதிகை டி.வி.யில் திரு இந்திரா சௌந்த்ர்ராஜன் விளக்கி கூறினார்)
ஒரு வைதிகர், எளிய வாழ்க்கை, போதுமென்ற மனமே பொன் செய்யும் மருந்து. கோயில் திருப்பணிகளில் மிகவும் ஆர்வம். தன் கிராமத்திலுள்ள பிள்ளையார் கோயில்,மாரியம்மன் கோயில்,சிவன் கோயில் எல்லாவற்றுக்கும் அரும்பாடுபட்டுத் திருப்பணிகள் செய்தார்.
பெரிய தொகை நன்கொடை கொடுப்பவர்கள் கூட அவரிடமிருந்து ரசீது எதிர்பார்க்கமாட்டார்கள். அவ்வளவு சுத்தம். அவருடைய சேவையை அண்டை கிராமத்தார்களும் பயன்படுத்திக் கொண்டார்கள்.
ஒரு வயற்காட்டில் ஒரு பெரிய சிவலிங்கம் தன்னந்தனியாக வெயிலில் காய்ந்து, குளிரில் நடுங்கிக் கொண்டிருந்தார். இந்த வைதிகர் முயற்சியால் இப்போது அவர் (சிவலிங்கம்) மழை-காற்றுக்கு அஞ்சாமல்,கருவறையில் கோயில் கொண்டுள்ளார்.
இப்படி எத்தனையோ கோயில்கள். ஆனால்,வைதிகர் எந்தக் கும்பாபிஷேகத்திலும் தன்னை முன்னிலைப்படுத்திக் கொண்டதில்லை. கூட்டத்தில் ஒரு மூலையில் ஒண்டிக்கொண்டு நிற்பார்! தம்பட்டமே இல்லாத இவரைப் பற்றிப் பெரியவாளுக்கு தெரிந்திருந்தது.
Thanks to Sri Venkatesan Ramadurai for posting this….
The year was 1986. Sri RamaNavami Utsavam was being held in Khar Road, a suburban area of Dadar, Mumbai.
I had gone to listen to the pravachana (exposition) alone. Within minutes after the pravachana started, I could not sit down properly. I had no idea of what went wrong with my health.
Encouraged by the thought that I will have co-passengers to help me (if anything went wrong), I boarded a bus back home. I had also kept in my shirt pocket a note containing my address and telephone number. I was reciting the Vishnu Sahasranamam.
As I alighted from the bus and walked home, I came across a doctor in our colony who asked me, “Are you not well?”
He took me inside immediately and checked my pulse. Then, with a frown of worry, he checked my blood pressure.
கும்பகோணத்தில் வசித்து வந்த திரு சதாசிவம் ஒவ்வொருஅனுஷ தினத்தன்றும் காஞ்சியில் பெரியவாள் இருக்கிறாரா என்று உறுதி செய்து கொண்டு தன் பயணத்தை துவங்கி விடுவார்.வேறு எங்கேனும் வெளியூர்களில் முகாமிட்டிருந்தால் அப்போது பயணிக்கமாட்டார்.
அப்படி ஒரு அனுஷதினத்துக்கு முதல் நாள் மாலை….. பழங்கள். கல்கண்டு வாங்கப் போனவருக்கு ஒரு சின்ன அதிர்ச்சி. ஒரு கடையும் காணவில்லை.
இவரின் முகத்தைப் பார்த்த கீரை வியாபாரி “என்ன சாமீ பையும் கையுமா கடைக்குப் பொறப்படறயா..மெட்ராஸ்ல ஏதோ அரசியல் பிரச்னையாம். ஒரு கட்சிக்காரங்க கூட்டமாக திரண்டு வந்து எல்லாக் கடைகளையும் மூடச் சொல்லி உத்தரவு போட்டுட்டு போறாங்க.
“அட ஈஸ்வரா வெளியூருக்கு பஸ்ஸெல்லாம் போறதோ!” என்று ஒரு கேள்வி போட்டார். கடைகளயே பூட்ட வெச்சவங்க பஸ்ஸுகளை போக விடுவாங்களா..
பிறகு மனைவியிடம் “என்ன ஜானகி இப்படி ஆயிடுத்து? நாளைய அனுஷத்திற்கு காஞ்சிபுரம் போக முடியமானு தெரியலயே..ஏன் இந்த சோதனை? என்று கலங்கியவர் மகா ஸ்வாமிகளை மனதுக்குள் நினைத்துப் பிரார்த்தித்துக் கொண்டார். ப்ராப்தம் இருந்தா அங்கே இருப்போம் என்று சொல்லிவிட்டு
வாசலில் இரு பக்கத்தையும் பார்வையால் துழாவிக் கொண்டிருந்தார்.
வாசலில் நின்று கொண்டிருந்த சதாசிவத்தின் அருகே வெள்ளை நிற அம்பாஸடர் கார் ஒன்று வேகமாக வந்து நின்றது.பஞ்சகச்சம் அணிந்து தும்பைப்பூ மாதிரியான வெள்ளை நிறத்தில் சட்டையுடன் விபூதி தரித்த ஒருவர் காரிலிருந்து கீழே இறங்கினார். இறங்கியதைப் பார்த்ததும் சதாசிவ தம்பதிகளுக்கு ஒன்றும் புரியவில்லை.
“சார் நமஸ்காரம்…எம்பேரு சங்கரன்.உள்ளே இருக்கிறது என் மனைவி.தஞ்சாவூர்லேருந்து வந்திண்டிருக்கோம். மனைவிக்கு திடீர்னு தலைவலி. அவளுக்கு…
Sometimes you are
unsatisfied with your life,
while many people in
this world are dreaming
of living your life..
A child on a farm sees
a plane fly overhead &
dreams of flying. But,
A pilot on the plane sees
the farmhouse & dreams
of returning home.
That’s life!! Enjoy yours…
If wealth is the secret to
happiness, then the rich
should be dancing on the
streets. But only poor kids
do that.
If power ensures security,
then officials should walk
unguarded. But those who
live simply, sleep soundly.
If beauty and fame bring
ideal relationships, then
celebrities should have
the best marriages.
Live simply, Walk humbly,
and love genuinely..!
All good will come back
to you…!!..
परोपकाराय फलन्ति वृक्षा: परोपकाराय वहन्ति नद्यः।
परोपकाराय दुहन्ति गावः परोपकाराय इदं शरीरम्।।
"To fight the darkness do not draw your sword, light a candle" "You can’t climb the ladder of success with your hands in your pockets"
( hari krishnamurthy K. HARIHARAN)"
” When people hurt you Over and Over think of them as Sand paper. They Scratch & hurt you, but in the end you are polished and they are finished. ” "Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great ones make you feel that you too, can become great."- Mark Twain.
Lake Carrera, located between Chile and Argentina, is the deepest lake in South America and the largest in Chile, with a surface area of almost 1000 square kilometers and 200 km long. In Argentina, it is known as Lake Buenos Aires. It’s famous for its trout and salmon, and is a great place to fish. But visually is where it shines, with waters in a million shades of azure, turquoise, aquamarine and emerald. It is indeed one place where you can say that the water is bluer than the sky.
But the real treat can be found along its banks, where huge marble cliffs astound visitors to this region. Over thousands of years, they have been weathered and have folded to create this incredible cathedral of marble.
The passageways and caverns of this natural creation are at times large enough to allow small boats to sail through them, although you’ll need a good, steady hand on the tiller.
When entering, the beauty of these caverns leaves no heart untouched, no jaw not dropped. They are simply breathtaking.
The marble protrusions are around 300 meters in length. The waters of the lake have slowly weathered the marble and over countless years have made this beauty. The different colors come from different materials or impurities within the marble itself. The whiter, the more pure. The bluer and pinker, the more ‘imperfections’, but it is these imperfections that give this cavern its unearthly beauty.
.
परोपकाराय फलन्ति वृक्षा: परोपकाराय वहन्ति नद्यः।
परोपकाराय दुहन्ति गावः परोपकाराय इदं शरीरम्।।
"To fight the darkness do not draw your sword, light a candle" "You can’t climb the ladder of success with your hands in your pockets"
( hari krishnamurthy K. HARIHARAN)"
” When people hurt you Over and Over think of them as Sand paper. They Scratch & hurt you, but in the end you are polished and they are finished. ” "Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great ones make you feel that you too, can become great."- Mark Twain.
Africa is the second largest continent in the world by land area and from there proceeded species of hominids and apes that led to humans and that spread through the rest of continents, about 190,000 years ago. The continent was born humanity today contains an invaluable cultural wealth from more than 3,000 different ethnic groups, we tour the tribes and villages.
Woman Mwila tribe Haze, his albino son
Women Mwila tribe are famous for their hairstyles that are very significant in their culture. Women hair smeared with red paste, called oncula, which is made with a type of red crushed stone, a mixture of oil, shredded tree bark, dry cow dung and herbs. Also adorn their hair with beads, cowrie shells and even dry food. The Mwila women are also famous for their necklaces, and for each period of life carries a specific type of collar. The girls wear necklaces made with red beans covered with a special soil mix. From adolescence wear necklaces called Vikeka yellow and made of wicker covered land held until their wedding. Never remove their collars and sleep with them on.
Female ornaments Mursi tribe
Around the necks of married women, the Hamer tribe can see these "esente" torques iron covered with leather. These are gifts of commitment, life used and indicate the richness of her husband. One of the most striking necklace is called "bignere" which are also rings of iron and leather, but with a phallus-shaped end. This necklace can only be used by the first wife and his status is the largest within the Hamer wives, other wives live a hard life because of them falls almost the entire workload.
The women of the Surma tribes lobes of his ears are pierced and everything can enlarge getting all sorts of things in those charged holes. When they are ready for marriage is when a hole is made in the lip to start getting flattened forms inside the lip.
The Turkana tribe inhabits the arid lands of northern Kenya, on the border with Sudan. They are nomadic shepherds adapted to a almost totally desert area and are divided into 28 clans associated each to their livestock. The Turkana are polygamous, but high dowry payment (30-50 head of cattle, camels 30-50 or 100-200 small livestock) to marry often means that a man can not do it until you have inherited Livestock his father to die.
Her name is Ana, Hana lives in a Mursi enclave in the Omo Valley, Ethiopia. Scarification were assisted at age 14 and was converted to Christianity since last year, so carrying the cross on his neck. Your village has only 300 people, and this photo is taken at the entrance of his house.
A young Surma tribe will be beautiful if you have a large plate on the lips and if your body is covered with scarification. Scarification will make thorny acacia and sometimes with razor blades. The deformation of the lips are an important part of the Surma culture. The size of the dishes on the lips of women determines the number of cattle that girls receive as dowry to marry. Sometimes the lip is broken by pressure and this is a big problem for the young, because men feel so ugly, you will not be able to marry anyone of the tribe, apart from the elderly or sick people.
Once there was a king who dreamt that he lost all his teeth
The king then summoned two dream interpreter to decipher to him the meaning of his dream
The first man told the king that the dream means that all the royal family would die. Hearing that, the king had the guards beat and punish him outside.
On the other hand, the second man told the king that the dream means that the king would live longer than the royal family, which actually means that the royal family would perish first. Because of his wise words, the king grant him a treasure gift.
People can escape perils in life by acting rightly, saying rightly and doing things at the right time. The same meaning delivered in different way may produce differing effect. So, by using the right words we can deliver the same message in a positive way so that it wont hurt, or hurt less.
परोपकाराय फलन्ति वृक्षा: परोपकाराय वहन्ति नद्यः।
परोपकाराय दुहन्ति गावः परोपकाराय इदं शरीरम्।।
"To fight the darkness do not draw your sword, light a candle" "You can’t climb the ladder of success with your hands in your pockets"
( hari krishnamurthy K. HARIHARAN)"
” When people hurt you Over and Over think of them as Sand paper. They Scratch & hurt you, but in the end you are polished and they are finished. ” "Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great ones make you feel that you too, can become great."- Mark Twain.
"To fight the darkness do not draw your sword, light a candle" "You can’t climb the ladder of success with your hands in your pockets"
( hari krishnamurthy K. HARIHARAN)"
” When people hurt you Over and Over think of them as Sand paper. They Scratch & hurt you, but in the end you are polished and they are finished. ” "Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great ones make you feel that you too, can become great."- Mark Twain.
What is bad for hypertension is iodized salt, which is a fake salt. It is made up of only 3 synthetic chemicals, sodium, chloride, iodine. It does not melt in water (glistens like diamonds), does NOT melt in the body, does not melt in the kidneys, gives kidney stones, and raises blood pressure. However, it is the salt favored by the drug-based doctors who say it is very clean and sanitary, pointing to how white it is and how it glistens like diamonds. The fake salt is man-made in a factory.
No wonder in the olden days Blood Pressure problem was never heard of. WE didn’t have the Iodized Salt !!
The true salt, which comes from the sea and dried under the sun and commonly called rock salt , has 72 natural minerals including natural sodium, chloride, iodine. It melts in water, melts in your body, melts in the kidneys, does not give kidney stones, andbest of all ,brings down blood pressure and stops/prevents muscle cramps, numbness, tingling. If you get muscle cramps in the lower legs at night, just take a half teaspoon of rock salt and a glass of water, and the cramps with its horrific pain will be gone in 5 minutes. Full article in the link below. http://www.siriushealth.org/?p=1040
परोपकाराय फलन्ति वृक्षा: परोपकाराय वहन्ति नद्यः।
परोपकाराय दुहन्ति गावः परोपकाराय इदं शरीरम्।।
"To fight the darkness do not draw your sword, light a candle" "You can’t climb the ladder of success with your hands in your pockets"
( hari krishnamurthy K. HARIHARAN)"
” When people hurt you Over and Over think of them as Sand paper. They Scratch & hurt you, but in the end you are polished and they are finished. ” "Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great ones make you feel that you too, can become great."- Mark Twain.
A man found the cocoon of a butterfly. One day a small opening appeared. He sat and watched the butterfly for several hours as it struggled to force its body through that little hole. Then it seemed to stop making any progress.
It appeared as if it had gotten as far as it could and could go no further. So the man decided to help the butterfly.
He took a pair of scissors and snipped off the remaining bit of the cocoon. The butterfly then emerged easily. But it had a swollen body and small, shrivelled wings.
The man continued to watch the butterfly because he expected that, at any moment, the wings would enlarge and expand to be able to support the body, which would contract in time. Neither happened!
In fact, the butterfly spent the rest of its life crawling around with a swollen body and shrivelled wings. It never was able to fly. What the man in his kindness and haste did not understand was that the restricting cocoon and the struggle required for the butterfly to get through the tiny opening were God’s way of forcing fluid from the body of the butterfly into its wings so that it would be ready for flight once it achieved its freedom from the cocoon.
Sometimes struggles are exactly what we need in our life. If God allowed us to go through our life without any obstacles, it would cripple us. We would not be as strong as we could have been. And we could never fly. So have a nice day…and struggle a little!
परोपकाराय फलन्ति वृक्षा: परोपकाराय वहन्ति नद्यः।
परोपकाराय दुहन्ति गावः परोपकाराय इदं शरीरम्।।
"To fight the darkness do not draw your sword, light a candle" "You can’t climb the ladder of success with your hands in your pockets"
( hari krishnamurthy K. HARIHARAN)"
” When people hurt you Over and Over think of them as Sand paper. They Scratch & hurt you, but in the end you are polished and they are finished. ” "Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great ones make you feel that you too, can become great."- Mark Twain.
"To fight the darkness do not draw your sword, light a candle" "You can’t climb the ladder of success with your hands in your pockets"
( hari krishnamurthy K. HARIHARAN)"
” When people hurt you Over and Over think of them as Sand paper. They Scratch & hurt you, but in the end you are polished and they are finished. ” "Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great ones make you feel that you too, can become great."- Mark Twain.
The history of the rupees traces back to Ancient India in circa 6th century BC. Ancient India was the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters.
The word rūpiya is deived from a Sanskrit word rūpa, which means "wrought silver, a coin of silver", in origin an adjective meaning "shapely", with a more specific meaning of "stamped, impressed", whence "coin".
Arthashastra, written by Chanakya, prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya(c. 340-290 BCE), mentions silver coins as rupyarupa, other types including gold coins (Suvarnarupa), copper coins ( Tamararupa) and lead coins (Sisarupa) are mentioned. Rupa means form or shape, example, Rupyarupa, Rupya – wrought silver, rupa – form.
Sher Shah Suri, during his five year rule from 1540 to 1545, set up a new civic and military administration and issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains, which was termed the Rupiya. The silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period, Maratha era as well as in British India.
Among the earliest issues of paper rupees include the Bank of Hindostan (1770–1832), the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773–75, established by Warren Hastings), and the Bengal Bank (1784–91).
The Indian rupee was a silver-based currency during much of the 19th century, which had severe consequences on the standard value of the currency, as STRONGER ECONOMIES WERE ON THE GOLD STANDARD.
During British rule, and the first decade of independence, the rupee was subdivided into 16 annas. Each anna was subdivided into either 4 paisas. So one rupee was equal to 16 annas, 64 paise.
In 1957, decimalisation occurred and the rupee was divided into 100 naye paise (Hindi/Urdu for new paisas). After a few years, the initial "naye" was dropped.
For many years in the early and mid-20th century, the Indian rupee was the official currency in several areas that were controlled by the British and governed from India; areas such as East Africa, Southern Arabia and THE PERSIAN GULF.
2 Early uses
Ancient India in circa 6th century BC, was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters. The first "rupee" is believed to have been introduced by Sher Shah Suri (1486–1545), based on a ratio of 40 copper pieces (paisa) per rupee.
3 Coinage since the British period
The British settlements in Western India, South India, and the Eastern Province of Bengal (Calcutta) independently developed different coinages in consonance with the local acceptability of the coins for the purposes of trade.
1 Paisa coupon issued by Sayla state
One rupee, Queen Victoria series, 1862
Half anna (3 paisa) coin; an anna = 6 paisa, George VI series, 1945
Original East India Company coins show only the coat of arms of the East India Company.
The coins of Bengal were developed in the Mughal style and those of Madras mostly in a South Indian style. The English coins of Western India developed along Mughal as well as English patterns. It was only in 1717 AD that the English obtained permission from the Emperor Farrukh Siyar to coin Mughal money at the Bombay mint.
The British gold coins were termed Carolina, the silver coins Anglina, the copper coins Cupperoon and tin coins Tinny. By the early 1830, the English had become the dominant power in India. THE COINAGE ACT OF 1835 PROVIDED FOR UNIFORM COINAGE THROUGHOUT INDIA.
The new coins had the effigy of William IV on the obverse and the value on the reverse in English and Persian. The coins issued after 1840 bore the portrait of Queen Victoria. The first coinage under the crown was issued in 1862 and in 1877 Queen Victoria assumed the title the Empress of India.
The 1911 accession to the throne of the King-Emperor George V led to the famous "pig rupee". On the coin the King appeared wearing the chain of the Order of the Indian Elephant. Through poor engraving the elephant looked very much like a pig. The Muslim population was enraged and the image had to be quickly redesigned.
ACUTE SHORTAGE OF SILVER DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR, LED TO THE INTRODUCTION OF PAPER CURRENCY OF ONE RUPEE AND TWO AND A HALF RUPEES. The silver coins of smaller denominations were issued in cupro-nickel. The compulsion of the Second World War led to experiments in coinage where the standard rupee was replaced by the "Quaternary Silver Alloy". The Quaternary Silver coins were issued from 1940. In 1947 these were replaced by pure Nickel coins.
Immediately after independence, the British coinage was continued. The Monetary System remained unchanged at One Rupee consisting of 64 pice
The "Anna Series" was introduced on 15 August 1950. this was the first coinage of Republic of India. The King’s Portrait was replaced by the Ashoka’s Lion Capital. A corn sheaf replaced the Tiger on the one Rupee coin. The monetary system was retained with one Rupee consisting of 16 Annas.
My note- I can recollect the rupee and annas now. I can recollect one anna, 2 anna, 1/4th rupee, ½ rupee and one rupee. I am born in 1944.
The 1955 Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act, that came into force with effect from 1 April 1957, introduced a "Decimal series".
The rupee was now divided into 100 ‘Paisa’ instead of 16 Annas or 64 Pice. The "Naye Paise" coins were minted in the denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 Naye Paise.
BOTH THE ANNA SERIES AND THE NAYE PAISE COINS WERE VALID FOR SOME TIME.
From 1968 onward, the new coins were called just Paise instead of Naye Paise because they were no more naye = new.
With high inflation in the sixties, small denomination coins which were made of bronze, nickel-brass, cupro-nickel, and aluminium-bronze were gradually minted in Aluminium. This change commenced with the introduction of the new hexagonal 3 paise coin.
A twenty paise coin was introduced in 1968 but did not gain much popularity.
My note- It was with lotus picture, I can recollect now.
Over a period, cost benefit considerations led to the gradual discontinuance of 1, 2 and 3 paise coins in the 1970s. Stainless steel coinage of 10, 25 and 50 paise, was introduced in 1988 and of one rupee in 1992. The very considerable costs of managing note issues of Re 1, Rs 2, and Rs 5 led to the gradual coinisation of these denominations in the 1990s.
4 Since 1947
Since its Independence in 1947, India has faced two major financial crises and two consequent devaluations of the rupee: In 1966 and 1991.
THOUGHTS TO PONDER ON – SPECIALLY FOR PEOPLE WHO TRY TO IMPOSE THEIR WILL ON OTHERS
(thanks to my friend Jacinto for sharing these thoughts)
* Life is like a flowing river of opportunities…… It’s up to you to stand up with a bucket or with a spoon.
* Expectation from others…. can hurt many a times, BUT Expectation from your own self will inspire you many more times.
* L I S T E N & S I L E N T
These 2 Powerful words have the same Alphabets. Only a WELL WISHER can Listen to you when you are Silent !!
* If you Stand for a Reason, Be prepared to stand like a Tree,
If you fall on the ground, Fall as a Seed… that grows back …To fight against all odds.
* Always put yourself in others shoes. If you feel, it hurts you, it probably hurts the other person too….. Be compassionate.
(This is an easy saying BUT PRACTICALLY NOBODY WANTS TO BE IN THE OTHER’S SHOES, BECAUSE
EVERYONE FEELS THAT "I" THE IDIOT IS ALWAYS RIGHT.)
* When you find peace within yourself, you become the kind of person who can live at peace with others.
परोपकाराय फलन्ति वृक्षा: परोपकाराय वहन्ति नद्यः।
परोपकाराय दुहन्ति गावः परोपकाराय इदं शरीरम्।।
"To fight the darkness do not draw your sword, light a candle" "You can’t climb the ladder of success with your hands in your pockets"
( hari krishnamurthy K. HARIHARAN)"
” When people hurt you Over and Over think of them as Sand paper. They Scratch & hurt you, but in the end you are polished and they are finished. ” "Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great ones make you feel that you too, can become great."- Mark Twain.
lord krishna and arjun1 773524 775685 755580 741316
One day, a very wealthy man was walking on the road. Along the way, he saw a
beggar on the sidewalk.
The rich man looks kindly on the beggar and asked, "How did you become a beggar?
The beggar said, "Sir, I’ve been applying for a job for a year now but haven’t found any.
You look like a rich man.
Sir, if you’ll give me a job, I’ll stop begging."
The rich man smiled and said, "I want to help you. But I won’t give you a job.
I’ll do something better.
I want you to be my business partner. Let’s start a business together.
The beggar blinked hard. He didn’t understand what the older man was saying.
"What do you mean, Sir?
"I own a rice plantation. You could sell my rice in the market. I’ll provide you the sacks of rice.
I’ll pay the rent for the market stall..
All you’ll have to do is sell my rice. And at the end of the month, as Business Partners,
we’ll share in the profits.
Tears of joy rolled down his cheeks. "Oh Sir," he said, "you’re a gift from Heaven. You’re the answer to my prayers.
Thank you, thank you, thank you!" He then paused and said, Sir, how will we divide the profits?
Do I keep 10% and you get the 90%? Do I keep 5% and you get the 95%? I’ll be happy with any arrangement.
The rich man shook his head and chuckled. "No, I want you to give me the 10%. And you keep the 90%.
For a moment, the beggar couldn’t speak. When he tried to speak, it was gibberish. Uh, gee, uh, wow, I mean, huh?
He couldn’t believe his ears. The deal was too preposterous.
The rich man laughed more loudly. He explained, I don’t need the money, my friend.
I’m already wealthy beyond what you can ever imagine.
I want you to give me 10% of your profits so you grow in gratitude
The beggar knelt down before his benefactor and said, Yes Sir, I will do as you say.
Even now, I’m so grateful for what you’ve done for me!
And so that was what happened. He forgets where the blessings came from.
Each day, the beggar now dressed a little bit better operated a store selling rice in the market.
He worked very hard.
He woke up early in the morning and slept late at night. And sales were brisk, also because
the rice was of good quality.
And after 30 days, the profits were astounding.
At the end of the month, as the ex-beggar was counting the money, and liking very much
the feeling of money in his hands, an idea grew in his mind.
He told himself, Gee, why should I give 10% to my Business Partner? I didn’t see him
the whole month!
I was the one who was working day and night for this business. I did all this work!
I deserve the 100% profits!
A few minutes later, the rich man was knocking on the door to collect his 10% of the profits.
The ex-beggar opened the door and said, "You don’t deserve the 10%. I worked hard for this.
I deserve all of it!" And he slammed the door.
If you were his Business Partner, how would you feel?
Friend, this is exactly what happens to us
God is Our Business Partner.
God gave us life-every single moment, every single breath, every single second.
God gave us talents-ability to talk, to create, to earn money God gave us a body-eyes,
ears, mouth, hands, feet, heart. God gave us mind- imagination, emotions, reasoning, language.
So do we need to give back Our Business Partner something in return?
Who is the beggar?
परोपकाराय फलन्ति वृक्षा: परोपकाराय वहन्ति नद्यः।
परोपकाराय दुहन्ति गावः परोपकाराय इदं शरीरम्।।
"To fight the darkness do not draw your sword, light a candle" "You can’t climb the ladder of success with your hands in your pockets"
( hari krishnamurthy K. HARIHARAN)"
” When people hurt you Over and Over think of them as Sand paper. They Scratch & hurt you, but in the end you are polished and they are finished. ” "Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great ones make you feel that you too, can become great."- Mark Twain.
Did I read that sign right?
In an office:
TOILET OUT OF ORDER…… PLEASE USE FLOOR BELOW
In a Laundromat:
AUTOMATIC WASHING MACHINES: PLEASE REMOVE ALL YOUR CLOTHES WHEN THE LIGHT GOES OUT
In a London department store:
BARGAIN BASEMENT UPSTAIRS
In an office:
WOULD THE PERSON WHO TOOK THE STEP LADDER YESTERDAY PLEASE BRING IT BACK OR FURTHER STEPS WILL BE TAKEN
In an office:
AFTER TEA BREAK STAFF SHOULD EMPTY THE TEAPOT AND STAND UPSIDE DOWN ON THE DRAINING BOARD
Outside a secondhand shop:
WE EXCHANGE ANYTHING – BICYCLES, WASHING MACHINES, ETC. WHY NOT BRING YOUR WIFE ALONG AND GET A WONDERFUL BARGAIN?
Notice in health food shop window:
CLOSED DUE TO ILLNESS
Spotted in a safari park:
ELEPHANTS PLEASE STAY IN YOUR CAR
Seen during a conference:
FOR ANYONE WHO HAS CHILDREN AND DOESN’T KNOW IT, THERE IS A DAY CARE ON THE 1ST FLOOR
Notice in a farmer’s field:
THE FARMER ALLOWS WALKERS TO CROSS THE FIELD FOR FREE, BUT THE BULL CHARGES.
On a repair shop door:
WE CAN REPAIR ANYTHING. (PLEASE KNOCK HARD ON THE DOOR – THE BELL DOESN’T WORK)
Now that you’ve smiled at least once, it’s your turn to spread the stupidity and send this to someone you want to bring a smile to (maybe even a chuckle). We all need a good laugh, keep on smiling!
This reminded me our Prof. Deshingkar when he once said "open the window & let the climate come in"
Terrible English by PT sir:
1) There is no wind in the football..
2) I talk, he talk, why you middle talk?.
3) You rotate the ground 4 times..
4) You go and understand the tree.
5) I’ll give you clap on ur cheeks..
6) Bring your parents and your mother and especially your father.
7) Close the window airforce is coming.
8) I have two daughters and both are girls..
9) Stand in a straight circle..
10) Don’t stand in front of my back
11) Why Haircut not cut..?
12) Don’t make noise.. principle is rotating in the corridor
13) Why are you looking at the monkey outside the window when I’m here?
14) You talking bad habit
15) Give me a red pen of any colour.
16) Can i have some snow in my cold drink?
17) Pick the paper and fall into the dustbin.
18) Both of u stand together separately.
19) Keep quiet the principal just passed away!!
20) go and stand in centre of the corner.
परोपकाराय फलन्ति वृक्षा: परोपकाराय वहन्ति नद्यः।
परोपकाराय दुहन्ति गावः परोपकाराय इदं शरीरम्।।
"To fight the darkness do not draw your sword, light a candle" "You can’t climb the ladder of success with your hands in your pockets"
( hari krishnamurthy K. HARIHARAN)"
” When people hurt you Over and Over think of them as Sand paper. They Scratch & hurt you, but in the end you are polished and they are finished. ” "Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great ones make you feel that you too, can become great."- Mark Twain.
அற்புதங்கள் செய்யும் அத்தி!
உணவாகவும், மருந்தாகவும் பயன்படும் பழங்களில்அத்திப்பழமும் ஒன்று. நம் நாட்டில் அதிகமாகபயிரிடப்படுபவை அத்தியும், பேயத்தியும், ஆகும். சீமைஅத்தி (பல்கு) மத்தியதரைக்கடல் நாடுகளில் அதிகமாக
விளைகிறது. இவைகளை விசேஷ முறைப்படிஇறக்கியோ அல்லது தானாக பழுத்து உதிரும் வரைகாத்திருந்து, சேமித்தோ பதம் செகின்றனர்.
தானாக பழுத்து உதிரும் நிலையில், இவை முக்கால்பங்கு உலர்ந்தே இருக்கும். இவ்விதம் சேமித்தபழங்களை, தட்டுகளில் நெருக்கமில்லாமல் பரப்பி,சிறிது கந்தகப்புகை காட்டி, பின்னர் வெய்யிலில் சிலநாட்கள் உலர்த்தி, அழுத்திச் சப்பையாகச் செய்து,நடுவே துளையிட்டு நாரில் கோர்த்துவெளியிடங்களுக்கு அனுப்புகின்றனர். இவைஅனைத்தும் சற்றேறக்குறைய ஒரே குணங்கள்கொண்டவையெனினும் பேயத்தியைக் காட்டிலும்அத்தியும், அத்தியைக்காட்டிலும் சீமையத்தியும்தரத்திலும் குணத்திலும் சிறந்தவை.
அத்தி எளிதில் ஜீரணமாவதுடன் கல்லீரல், மண்ணீரல்போன்ற ஜீரண உறுப்புகளை நல்ல முறையில்சுறுசுறுப்புடன் செயலாற்றச் செய்கிறது. ஆகையால்ஈரல், குலைக்கட்டி கண்ட குழந்தைகளும் இக்கனிகளைகொடுக்கலாம். சிறுநீரகத்தில் கல்லடைப்பு போன்றதடங்கல்களை அகற்றிச் சிறுநீரைப் பெருக்குகிறது.பெருங்குடலில் ஆங்காங்கே, இறுகிய கழிவுப்பொருட்களை பக்குவப்படுத்தி, இளக்கி,வியர்வையாகவும்,
சிறுநீராகவும், மலமாகவும் வெளியேற்றி குடலைமிருதுவாகச் செய்கிறது.
தினசரி 2 பழங்களை சாப்பிட்டால் உடலில் இரத்தஉற்பத்தி அதிகரிக்கும். உடலும் வளர்ச்சி அடைந்துபருமனடையும். மலச்சிக்கலை நீக்க உணவிற்குப்பிறகு சிறிதளவு அத்தி விதைகளைச் சாப்பிடலாம்.நாள்பட்ட மலச்சிக்கலை குணமாக்க 5 பழங்களைஇரவில் சாப்பிட வேண்டும். போதைப் பழக்கம் மற்றும்இதர வியாதிகளால் ஏற்படும் கல்லீரல் வீக்கத்தைகுணமாக்க அத்திப்பழங்களை காடியில் (வினிகர்)ஒருவாரம் வரை ஊற வைக்க வேண்டும். அதன்பின்தினசரி இரண்டு பழங்களை ஒருவேளை சாப்பிடலாம்.தினசரி இரண்டு அத்திப்பழங்களை சாப்பிட்டு வந்தால்,உடல் கொழுக், மொழுக் என்று வளரும். இதில் முழுஅளவு ஊட்டச்சத்து இருக்கின்றது.
இதில் புரோட்டீன், சர்க்கரை சத்து, கால்ஷீயம்,பாஸ்பரஸ் மற்றும் இரும்புச் சத்து அதிக அளவில்இருப்பதாகவும், மற்ற பழங்களைவிட அத்திப்பழத்தில்இந்த சத்துக்கள் நாலு மடங்கு அதிகமாகஇருப்பதாகவும் ஆய்வகள கூறுகின்றன. இதைத் தவிரவைட்டமின் ஏ, வைட்டமின் சி அதிக அளவில் உண்டு.
சீமை அத்திப்பழம் வெண்குஷ்டத்தை குணமாக்குகிறது.அரை கிராம் காட்டு அத்திப்பழத்தை தினசரி ஒருவேளை சாப்பிட்டு வந்தால், வெண்புள்ளிகள், வெண்குஷ்டம், தோலின் நிறமாற்றம் ஆகியவை குணமாகும்.அதைப் பவுடராக்கி பன்னீரில் கலந்து ,வெண் புள்ளிகள்மீது
பூசலாம். இதை தயாரிக்க முடியாதவர்கள் யுனானிநாட்டு மருந்துக்கடைகளில் விற்கப்படும், சபூப் பாஸ்என்னும் மருந்தை வாங்கிப் பயன்படுத்தலாம்.
( hari krishnamurthy K. HARIHARAN)"
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My blog- K. Hariharan 
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